Support the missing link
Confirm an assumption, eliminate an alternative or add evidence in the conclusion’s direction.
Evaluate how new information changes the support for a conclusion, especially in causal, predictive and comparative arguments.
Confirm an assumption, eliminate an alternative or add evidence in the conclusion’s direction.
Introduce an alternative, expose a mismatch or show that the evidence is unreliable.
Focus on whether the choice changes the argument rather than whether it discusses the topic.
Identify the conclusion and assumption before reading choices.
Use a cause-and-effect checklist for causal arguments.
Ask whether each choice makes the conclusion more or less likely.
Reject choices that affect a side issue but leave the reasoning gap unchanged.